![]() ![]() ![]() Ovarian failure (resulting in lack of estrogen synthesis) Primary and secondary hypogonadism (related to lack of estrogen synthesis) Turner’s syndrome (genetic abnormality in females in which there is only one X chromosome, resulting in varying degrees of underdeveloped sexual characteristics) Critical findings Hyperthyroidism (related to primary increases in estrogen or response to increased levels of sex hormone–binding globulin).Hepatic cirrhosis (accumulation occurs due to lack of liver function).Gynecomastia (newborns may demonstrate swelling of breast tissue in response to maternal estrogens somewhat common and transient in pubescent males).Feminization in children (related to increased production).Adrenal tumors (related to overproduction by tumor cells).Monitor menotropins (Pergonal) therapy menotropins is a preparation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) used to induce ovulation and increase the chance of pregnancy.Evaluate menstrual abnormalities, fertility problems, estrogen-producing tumors in women, and testicular or adrenal tumors and feminization disorders in men.Assist in determining the presence of gonadal dysfunction.After menopause the ovaries stop producing estrogens and the secondary sources (liver, adrenal glands, and breast tissue) provide estrogens mostly in the form of estrone. ![]() Secretion of estrogens is influenced by the pituitary gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Estriol is the primary estrogen secreted during pregnancy and it is provided by the placenta. Estradiol, the most powerful of the estrogens, is the main estrogen produced in women who are not pregnant during the period between puberty and menopause. Ovarian estrogen hormone formation begins with the conversion of cholesterol into androstendione in the theca interna cells, followed by conversion to estradiol in ovarian granulosa cells. Estrogens are produced by the ovaries, liver, adrenal glands, and in fatty tissue (e.g. The three types of estrogen commonly measured are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). Estrogens are responsible for the development of secondary female sex characteristics (development of breasts, appearance of pubic hair), maintenance of the menstrual cycle, maintenance of the placenta during pregnancy, and initiation of lactation (via a feedback loop involving prolactin). Estrogens are steroid hormones named for their role in the female estrous cycle. ![]()
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